Free Students Note: IR of Pakistan

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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b><span style="color: #262626; font-size: 20pt;"><img alt="Pakistan and India" height="75" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/SAJIDA~1/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_2" width="370"></span></b><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b><u><span style="color: #262626; font-size: 36pt;">History</span></u></b><b><u><span style="color: #262626; font-size: 36pt;"> </span></u></b><span style="color: #262626; font-size: 12pt;"><br>      Born out from the furnace of animosity, India and Pakistan, the twin brothers have a history of unique relations. There is much in common between Republic of India and Islamic Republic of Pakistan.</span><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="color: #262626; font-size: 12pt;">      The diplomatic relations developed soon after independence but these relations did not ensure good friendship. The blaming process started soon after the inception of Pakistan when during the world’s biggest mass migration both states were unable to provide security to minorities. At that time there were 680 princely states and their future was to be decided according to their own will. Junagadh and Kashmir are two of these states which are still a bone of contention between India and Pakistan.</span><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="color: #262626; font-size: 12pt;">        Junagadh was composed of 88% Hindu Majority with a Muslim ruler named Nawab Mahabat Khan. The ruler voted for Pakistan but India did not accept it on the plea of heavy Hindu majority. The other reason projected by India was that the state of Junagadh was encircled by Indian state and giving it to Pakistan would contradict the two nation theory. The stand of Pakistan was on the basis of the Muslim ruler and the maritime link of Pakistan with junagadh coastal line.<br>         One the other hand, the ruler of Kashmir, Hair Singh, wanted to join India but the majority of Muslim population was in the favour of Pakistan. Maharaja Hair Singh made a “stand still agreement” with the Government of Pakistan. However, the rumoures spread in Pakistan that Mahraja Hari Singh was going to accede with India. The forces of Pakistan invaded in Kashmir in 1947 and Hari Singh asked India for help.</span><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="color: #262626; font-size: 12pt;">       Indian Armed forces violating the provision of their constitution entered into the jurisdiction of Kashmir. In 1957, Pakistan acquired Azad Kashmir and India captured state of Jammu and Kashmir. Both of these parts are being held by the same countries which occupied these states forcefully.</span><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="color: #262626; font-size: 12pt;">          In 1965 India launched operation Meghdoot and captured 80% of Siachen Glacier. 1971 was a black year in the history of Pakistan as she lost its eastern wing as India intervened to favour Bengali people and seized the Qasim part. 90, 000 Pakistani soliders surrendered in Bangladesh. In July 1972 P.M India Gandhi and PM Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto met in Indian Hill station of Simla and signed an agreement to return 90, 000 Pak personnel, and that India would get its captured territory in the west. They also agreed that from then on, they would settle their disputes through peaceful bilateral negotiations. Eventually, the trade relation restarted in 1976 but the Afghan crisis of 1979 again disrupted the peaceful process started in 1976.<br>        Pakistan supported Taliban and India favoured Soviet Union. India was also worried about US military aid to Pakistan, Pakistan’s purchase of arms from us and the advancement in her nuclear programme. The change in leadership brought a new era of relation between the two rivals. In Dec 1988 Benazir Bhutto Shaheed and Rajiv Gandhi resumed talks on different issues melding cultured exchange, civil aviation and not to attack each other nuclear facilities. At that time BB said.</span><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="color: #262626; font-size: 12pt;">     “Burry the Hatchet; we have had enough of it. Let’s start a new chapter. India has a new generation leadership. Rajiv & I belong to a new generation. We have some kinship. He father was assassinated and so was my father. He lost his brother and so have I we both can start from clean state.”</span><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="color: #262626; font-size: 12pt;">In 1997, high level talks were resumed after 3 years. Prime Minister of India and Pakistan met twice and foreign secretaries conducted 3 rounds of talks in which they identified 8 outstanding issues to focuss. These 8 issues were</span><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="color: #262626; font-size: 10pt;"><img alt="*" height="13" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/SAJIDA~1/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image004.gif" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_3" width="13"></span><span style="color: #262626; font-size: 7pt;">      </span><span style="color: #262626; font-size: 7pt;"> </span><span style="color: #262626; font-size: 12pt;">Kashmir issue</span><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="color: #262626; font-size: 10pt;"><img alt="*" height="13" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/SAJIDA~1/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image004.gif" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_4" width="13"></span><span style="color: #262626; font-size: 7pt;">      </span><span style="color: #262626; font-size: 7pt;"> </span><span style="color: #262626; font-size: 12pt;">Water crisis</span><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="color: #262626; font-size: 10pt;"><img alt="*" height="13" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/SAJIDA~1/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image004.gif" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_5" width="13"></span><span style="color: #262626; font-size: 7pt;">      </span><span style="color: #262626; font-size: 7pt;"> </span><span style="color: #262626; font-size: 12pt;">Sir creek issue</span><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="color: #262626; font-size: 10pt;"><img alt="*" height="13" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/SAJIDA~1/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image004.gif" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_6" width="13"></span><span style="color: #262626; font-size: 7pt;">      </span><span style="color: #262626; font-size: 7pt;"> </span><span style="color: #262626; font-size: 12pt;">Rann of kutch</span><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="color: #262626; font-size: 10pt;"><img alt="*" height="13" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/SAJIDA~1/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image004.gif" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_7" width="13"></span><span style="color: #262626; font-size: 7pt;">      </span><span style="color: #262626; font-size: 7pt;"> </span><span style="color: #262626; font-size: 12pt;">MFN status</span><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="color: #262626; font-size: 10pt;"><img alt="*" height="13" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/SAJIDA~1/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image004.gif" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_8" width="13"></span><span style="color: #262626; font-size: 7pt;">      </span><span style="color: #262626; font-size: 7pt;"> </span><span style="color: #262626; font-size: 12pt;">Siachen issue</span><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="color: #262626; font-size: 10pt;"><img alt="*" height="13" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/SAJIDA~1/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image004.gif" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_9" width="13"></span><span style="color: #262626; font-size: 7pt;">      </span><span style="color: #262626; font-size: 7pt;"> </span><span style="color: #262626; font-size: 12pt;">State sponsored issue</span><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="color: #262626; font-size: 10pt;"><img alt="*" height="13" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/SAJIDA~1/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image004.gif" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_10" width="13"></span><span style="color: #262626; font-size: 7pt;">      </span><span style="color: #262626; font-size: 7pt;"> </span><span style="color: #262626; font-size: 12pt;">Nuclear Deterrence</span><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="color: #262626; font-size: 12pt;">In September 1997 the talks broke down on structural issue where as in May 1998 the situation became harder because of nuclear experiment conducted by Pakistan. The environment further became deplorable when Indian Air lines Flight IC 814 was hijacked in 24 Dec 1999. The plan landed in Lahore for refuelling but the final destination was Kandhar, Afghanistan. Rivalry increased when attack was conducted on Indian parliament on Dec 2001. India blamed Jash-e-Mohammad for that act. The Samjhota express carnage of 18th February 2007 added fuel to fire. The series of blaming each other started again where as Pakistan tried to project cordial relations.</span></span></div>
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History Born out from the furnace of animosity, India and Pakistan, the twin brothers have a history of unique relations....

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<b><u><span style="font-family: Algerian; font-size: 22pt;">INTRODUCTION</span></u></b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #262626; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> pakistan is a
major participant in the global efforts to curb transnational terrorism
initiated after the terrorist attacks in the United States in September 2001.
This enhanced Pakistan's strategic relevance for the major powers, especially
the United States, which cultivated Pakistan for combating terrorism and
ensuring peace and stability in the post-Taliban Afghanistan. They also wanted
that the Taliban and Al-Qaeda activists, formerly based in Afghanistan, did not
create safehavens in Pakistani territory with the support of their Pakistani
sympathisers.Pakistan has not always been so relevant to global politics. Its
strategic relevance has varied over time which had implications for Pakistan's
role at the international level and the foreign policy options available to its
policy makers.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #262626; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">This briefing paper
examines the changing patterns of Pakistan's foreign policy and how its
position and role in international and regional politics has varied over time.
Pakistan recognises that it is neither possible nor advisable to stay in
isolation in the present day interdependent and complex international system.
It needs to interact with other states, international and regional
organisations and supranational actors in order to protect and promote its
national interests and sovereign identity. Pakistan also collaborates with
other states in order to cope with the issues of global dimensions like
environment, population, poverty and underdevelopment, energy, human migrations
and refugees, drugs, and terrorism.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #262626; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Despite pursuing a
pro-active foreign policy Pakistan does not have the ambition and capacity to
assume the role of a global or regional power. Its activism reflects a
realisation that such a policy facilities the mobilisation of International
support and resources for its domestic socio-economic development, helps to
regulate the inputs from the external environment into the internal context,
and contributes to strengthening security and territorial integrity which are
the principal concerns of Pakistan's foreign policy.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #262626; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The major focus of
Pakistan's foreign policy is security against external and internal challenges
to its national identity, territorial integrity and independence. Another
foreign policy interest is the cultivation of close and brotherly relations
with the Muslim states. Pakistan highlights sovereign equality of states,
bilateralism, mutuality of interests, and non-interference in each other's
domestic affairs as the cardinal features of its foreign policy. Pakistan
firmly believes that it has to work within the norms and institutions of the
international system but it supports their restructuring for brining them in
line with the realities currently obtaining in the International system.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #262626; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Pakistan,
therefore, maintains a strong faith in the principles enunciated in the United
Nations Charter and takes an active part in the deliberations of the UN and
other International and regional organisations. Pakistan also identifies with
the political and economic concerns of the developing countries. Other leading
foreign policy goals include support to the right of self determination for the
subjugated nations, oppositions to apartheid and the remnants of colonialism,
peaceful resolution of inter-state disputes, arms control and nuclear
non-proliferation, and promotion of peace and stability through international
and regional cooperation.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #262626; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">    The
principal strategies and mechanisms to pursue these foreign policy goals have
varied over time. These changes help to identity the major phases in Pakistan's
foreign policy. Though each phase is characterised by a set of major themes and
operational strategies, these overlap and reflect continuity and change.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><u><span style="color: #262626; font-family: "Edwardian Script ITC"; font-size: 36.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">PAKISTAN
AND AMERICA</span></u></b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><u><span style="color: #262626; font-family: "Edwardian Script ITC"; font-size: 36.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">History     </span></u></b><br>
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International Relationship of pakistan

INTRODUCTION pakistan is a major participant in the global efforts to curb transnational terrorism initiated after the terroris...