Free Students Note

Chapter 5: Composing Office Documents

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<b style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: 18pt;"><a href="http://getassignment.blogspot.com/" target="_blank">Recommendations for Emails, Memos, and Reports</a></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">There are
certain guidelines to follow when you write any kind of office document. Other
guidelines are specific to the type of document. In this section, I provide
some general ideas on composing business documents, as well as some brief, more
specific tips on writing emails, memos, reports, and international
correspondence.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=141743602070344111" name="382"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=141743602070344111" name="wbp05chP4"></a><b><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Some General Guidelines <o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
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<a href="http://getassignment.blogspot.com/" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;" target="_blank"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgS0rQoHJsfKz7IC8qswMqBy_TGx2kqg1-XTTlSh0FGtPqunFLtT6xxuysqEBTLeW81vTEa0lfttQG7tQm3ZIXDH3pl5l7s1CwoxtBWCBUrRKFrO0bQFIFX-xj6XZ2ElWs9mQU8dySBHp4/s1600/4223121+(1).png" width="400"></a><b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Know why you’re writing. <o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Before you
write anything longer than two or three paragraphs, write down the answer to
this question: <i>Why am I writing?</i> (For example,<i> To secure funds for
the system enhancement, To propose a new approach to employee communications)</i>
Keep this answer in front of you as you write; it’s your objective. Include
nothing in your document that doesn’t relate to or support your objective.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Organize your document. <o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">The most basic,
and usually the most effective, way to organize any business document is to
present the information in descending order of importance.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">An exception to
this rule occurs when your reader might be reluctant to accept your point of
view. In that case, consider presenting information in the opposite order, from
least to most important, gradually bolstering your case and ending with your
strongest point. The danger with this approach, of course, is that the reader
might lose interest and stop reading.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">More complex
documents sometimes require additional organizing principles. Some other ways
to present information include:</span></span><br>
</div></div>

Chapter 5: Composing Office Documents

Recommendations for Emails, Memos, and Reports There are certain guidelines to follow when you write any kind of office document. Other...

The State Bank of Pakistan (SBP)

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<br>
<a href="http://getassignment.blogspot.com/" target="_blank"><img border="0" height="293" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiXcRaK48ueL9c5dQuQMqVTYHIlRQwuBieT0pSIgq_8xRIJMOr36hTquL-phcJ4ob_RxraD5K7f5IsJLCJeYSCvC6uzph3ZGEM7rLV-XLJlnyhXg22FG3FuQ6xwJshPsD2xmnueyJyOQ7E/s1600/promo-graphics5.jpg" width="640"></a><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 12.9pt;">The</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 12.9pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 12.9pt;">State
Bank of Pakistan</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 12.9pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 12.9pt;">(SBP) is the</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 12.9pt;"> </span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 12.9pt;">central bank</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 12.9pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 12.9pt;">of</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 12.9pt;"> </span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 12.9pt;">Pakistan</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 12.9pt;">. While its constitution, as originally lay down in the
State Bank of Pakistan Order 1948, remained basically unchanged until January
1, 1974, when the bank was nationalized, the scope of its functions was
considerably enlarged. The</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 12.9pt;"> </span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 12.9pt;">State Bank of Pakistan Act 1956</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 12.9pt;">, with subsequent amendments, forms the basis of its
operations today. The headquarters are located in the financial capital of
Pakistan,</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 12.9pt;"> </span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 12.9pt;">Karachi</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 12.9pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 12.9pt;">with its second headquarters in the
capital,</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 12.9pt;"> </span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 12.9pt;">Islamabad</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 12.9pt;">.</span><br>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13pt;"><br clear="all">
</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 22.5pt;">History<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%;">Before </span><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">independence</span><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%;"> on
14 August 1947, during British colonial regime the </span><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Reserve Bank of
India</span><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%;"> was the
central bank for both India and Pakistan. On 30 December 1948 the British
Government's commission distributed the Reserve Bank of India's reserves
between </span><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Pakistan</span><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%;"> and </span><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">India</span><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%;"> -30
percent (750 M </span><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">gold</span><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%;">) for Pakistan and 70 percent for
India.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span><br>
</div>

The State Bank of Pakistan (SBP)

The State Bank of Pakistan (SBP) is the central bank of Pakistan . While its constitution, as originally lay down in the State...

Chapter 2: Getting Grammar Straight

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<br>
<h1 class="chapter-title">
<br></h1>
<div class="section">
<h2 class="sect2-title">
<a href="" name="22"></a><a href="" name="wbp02chP2"></a>Some Grammar and 
Punctuations Rules</h2>
<div class="section">
<h3 class="sect3-title">
<a href="" name="23"></a><a href="" name="wbp02chP3"></a>agreement</h3>
<div class="first-para">
Pronouns must agree with the word they refer to in person, 
number, and gender. This is known as pronoun- antecedent agreement.</div>
<blockquote class="blockquote">
<div class="first-para">
<i class="emphasis">Incorrect:</i> Everyone wanted to cash in 
their stock options.</div>
<div class="para">
<i class="emphasis">Correct:</i> Everyone wanted to cash in his or 
her stock options.</div>
<div class="last-para">
(<i class="emphasis">Everyone</i> is singular; therefore, the 
pronouns that refer to it must be singular as well.)</div>
</blockquote>
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<div class="para">
Similarly, verbs must agree with the subject of the sentence. (If 
the subject is singular, the verb must be singular; if the subject is plural, 
the verb must be plural.) This is known as subject-verb agreement. Do not fall 
into the trap of making the verb agree with the noun closest to it if that noun 
is not the subject.</div>
<blockquote class="blockquote">
<div class="first-para">
<i class="emphasis">Incorrect:</i> A portion of our efforts 
are devoted to marketing.</div>
<div class="last-para">
<i class="emphasis">Correct:</i> A portion of our efforts is 
devoted to marketing. (<i class="emphasis">Portion</i>, not <i class="emphasis">efforts</i>, which is the object of the prepositional phrase 
beginning with <i class="emphasis">of</i>, is the subject of the sentence. <i class="emphasis">Portion</i> is singular, so the verb must be singular.) 
</div>
</blockquote>
</div>
<div class="section">
<h3 class="sect3-title">
<a href="" name="24"></a><a href="" name="wbp02chP9"></a>an</h3>
<div class="first-para">
Use the article <i class="emphasis">an</i> when the word that 
follows starts with a vowel <i class="emphasis">sound.</i> Pay attention not to 
whether the first letter is actually a vowel or consonant, but what it <i class="emphasis">sounds</i> like: </div>
<blockquote class="blockquote">
<div class="first-para">
<i class="emphasis">an option </i></div>
<div class="para">
<i class="emphasis">an hourly wage</i> </div>
<div class="last-para">
But: <i class="emphasis">a used book</i> (because the <i class="emphasis">u</i> sounds like a <i class="emphasis">y</i>) 
</div>
</blockquote>
</div>
<div class="section">
<h3 class="sect3-title">
<a href="" name="25"></a><a href="" name="wbp02chP12"></a>and</h3>
<div class="first-para">
<i class="emphasis">And</i> can be used to join words, 
phrases, and clauses.</div>
<blockquote class="blockquote">
<div class="first-para">
<i class="emphasis">To join words:</i> He is a pompous and 
arrogant man. <i class="emphasis">To join phrases:</i> We look for employees with 
outgoing personalities, the ability to solve problems quickly, and experience in 
the service industry.</div>
<div class="last-para">
<i class="emphasis">To join clauses:</i> I like to dance, he 
likes to cook, and she likes to paint.</div>
</blockquote></div></div></div>

Chapter 2: Getting Grammar Straight

Some Grammar and Punctuations Rules agreement Pronouns must agree with the word they refer to in person, number, and gender. Th...

Marketing Mix(Place)

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<w:sdt docparttype="Cover Pages" docpartunique="t" id="4958704" sdtdocpart="t">
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<b style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 22.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Distribution (place)</span></b><br />
<b style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 22.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><br /></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">A
 distribution channel is a set of interdependent organizations that help make a
 product available for use or consumption by the consumer or business user.
 Channel intermediaries are firms or individuals such as wholesalers, agents,
 brokers, or retailers who help move a product from the producer to the
 consumer or business user.</span>  </div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 22.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 18.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Logistics
 and Storages<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Transportation:</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Marketers need to
 take an interest in their company's transportation decisions. The choice of
 transportation carriers affects the pricing of products, delivery performance,
 and condition of the goods when they arrive—all of which will affect customer
 satisfaction. In shipping goods to its warehouses, dealers, and customers, the
 company can choose among five transportation modes: rail, truck, water,
 pipeline, and air.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Railroads:</span></b><span style="font-size: 18.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Is the nation's largest carrier,
 accounting for 26 percent of total cargo ton-miles moved. They are one of the
 most cost-effective modes for shipping large amounts of bulk products—coal,
 sand, minerals, farm and forest products—over long distances. In recent years,
 railroads have increased their customer services by designing new equipment to
 handle special categories of goods, providing flatcars for carrying truck
 trailers by rail (piggyback), and providing in-transit services such as the
 diversion of shipped goods to other destinations en route and the processing of
 goods en route. Thus, after decades of losing out to truckers, railroads
 appear ready for a comeback.</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Road way:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">have
 increased their share of transportation steadily and now account for 24
 percent of total cargo ton-miles (over 52 percent of actual tonnage). They
 account for the largest portion of transportation within cities as opposed to
 between cities. Each year in the United States, trucks travel more than 600
 billion miles—equal to nearly 1.3 million round trips to the moon—carrying 2.5
 billion tons of freight. Trucks are highly flexible in their routing and time
 schedules and they can usually offer faster service than railroads. They are
 efficient for short hauls of high-value merchandise. Trucking firms have added
 many services in recent years. For example, Roadway Express now offers
 satellite tracking of shipments and sleeper tractors that move freight around
 the clock.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Roadway and other
 trucking firms have added many services in recent years, such as satellite
 tracking of shipments and sleeper tractors that keep freight moving around the
 clock.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Water Way:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Water
 carriers transport large amounts of goods by ships and barges on U.S. coastal
 and inland waterways. Mississippi River barges alone account for 15 percent of
 the freight shipped in the United States. Although the cost of water
 transportation is very low for shipping bulky, low-value, nonperishable
 products such as sand, coal, grain, oil, and metallic ores, water
 transportation is the slowest mode and may be affected by the weather.</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Pipelines:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">are a
 specialized means of shipping petroleum, natural gas, and chemicals from
 sources to markets. Most pipelines are used by their owners to ship their own
 products.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> </span><b><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Air Way:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">  </span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Although air carriers transport less
 than 1 percent of the nation's goods, they are becoming more important as a
 transportation mode. Air freight rates are much higher than rail or truck
 rates, but air freight is ideal when speed is needed or distant markets have
 to be reached. Among the most frequently air-freighted products are
 perishables (fresh fish, cut flowers) and high-value, low-bulk items
 (technical instruments, jewelry). Companies find that air freight also reduces
 inventory levels, packaging costs, and the number of warehouses needed.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">In choosing a
 transportation mode for a product, shippers must balance many considerations:
 speed, dependability, availability, cost, and others. Thus, if a shipper needs
 speed, air and truck are the prime choices. If the goal is low cost, then
 water or pipeline might be best.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 20.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Value Delivery Chain<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Manufacturing: <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Manufacturing is
 the production of goods for use or sale using labor and machines, tools,
 chemical and biological processing, or formulation. The term may refer to a
 range of human activity, from handicraft to high tech, but is most commonly
 applied to industrial production, in which raw materials are transformed into
 finished goods on a large scale. Such finished goods may be used for
 manufacturing other, more complex products, such as aircraft, household
 appliances or automobiles, or sold to wholesalers, who in turn sell them to
 retailers, who then sell them to end users – the "consumers".<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Wholesalers:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Wholesalers
 generally buy a large quantity of products directly from distributors.</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">High-volume
 purchase orders typically improve a wholesaler’s buying power. Many
 distributors provide discounts for a certain number of items purchased or the
 total amount spent on merchandise. Wholesalers acquire merchandise, such as
 telephones, computers, bicycles, clothing, televisions and furniture. The
 goods are frequently destined for retailers.</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Retailers:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Retailers consist
 of small and large for-profit businesses that sell products directly to
 consumers. To realize a profit, retailers search for products that coincide
 with their business objectives and find suppliers with the most competitive
 pricing. Generally, a retailer can buy small quantities of an item from a
 distributor or a wholesaler. For instance, a retail merchant who wanted to
 purchase a dozen lamps could contact lighting distributors to inquire about
 pricing.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Consumer:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">A consumer is a
 person or group of people that are the final users of products and or services
 generated within a social system. A consumer may be a person or group, such as
 a household<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Marketing Mix(Place)

Distribution (place) A distribution channel is a set of interdependent organizations that help make a product available for use ...

Get Assignment : International Relationship of pakistan

Get Assignment : International Relationship of pakistan

Get Assignment : International Relationship of pakistan : INTRODUCTION pakistan is a major participant in the global efforts to curb tr...

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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><b><span style="color: #262626; font-size: 12pt;">      </span></b><b><span style="color: #262626; font-size: 36pt;">Pakistan and saarc      </span></b><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><b><span style="color: #262626; font-size: 12pt;">                            </span></b><span style="color: #262626; font-size: 12pt;"></span><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><b><u><span style="color: #262626; font-size: 20pt;">Saarc countries:-</span></u></b><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><b><u><span style="color: #262626; font-size: 20pt;">Afghanistan</span></u></b><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="color: #262626; font-size: 12pt;"> Following the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in 1979, the Pakistani government played a vital role in supporting the Mujahideen and assisting Afghan refugees. Pakistan absorbed an estimated 3 million refugees and provided shelter, education, and places to work. After the Soviet withdrawal in February 1989, Pakistan, with cooperation from the world community, continued to provide extensive support for displaced Afghans. In 1999, the United States provided approximately $70 million in humanitarian assistance to Afghanistan and Afghan refugees in Pakistan, mainly through multilateral organizations and Non-governmental organizations (NGOs).</span><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="color: #262626; font-size: 12pt;"><img alt="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png" height="11" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/SAJIDA~1/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image013.gif" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_180" width="15"></span><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="color: #262626; font-size: 12pt;">Afghan President Hamid Karzai with U.S. President Barack Obama and Pakistani President Asif Ali Zardari during a US-Afghan-Pakistan Trilateral meeting at the White House in Washington, DC.</span><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="color: #262626; font-size: 12pt;">Pakistani strategists view Afghanistan as providing "strategic depth" in the event of a war with neighboring India. In the event that the Indian Army crosses into Pakistan, the Pakistan Army would temporary locate supplies in Afghanistan and prepare for a counter-offensive. Furthermore, many Pakistanis see in Afghanistan and Afghans a common bond based on religion, history, culture, language and ethnic ties. At various times, Pakistan backed the mujahideen against the Soviets, mujahideen against each other and the Taliban against the Iranian-backed Northern Alliance.</span><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="color: #262626; font-size: 12pt;">The overthrow of the Taliban regime in November 2001 has seen somewhat strained relations between Afghanistan and Pakistan. The present Karzai administration in Kabul feels that the remnants of the former Taliban government are being supported by factions within Pakistan for the same above reasons. However, Pakistan has said the government cannot control all elements of its intelligence agency, the ISI, which several countries accuse of contributing to instability in Afghanistan. In 2006 Afghan President Hamid Karzai warned that "Iran and Pakistan and others are not fooling anyone" when it come to interfering in his country.</span><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><i><span style="color: #262626; font-size: 12pt;">"If they don’t stop, the consequences will be … that the region will suffer with us equally. In the past we have suffered alone; this time everybody will suffer with us.… Any effort to divide Afghanistan ethnically or weaken it will create the same thing in the neighboring countries. All the countries in the neighborhood have the same ethnic groups that we have, so they should know that it is a different ball game this time</span></i><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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Pakistan and saarc Saarc countries:- Afghanistan Following the Soviet invasion of Afgh...

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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><b><span style="color: #262626; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></b><b><span style="color: #262626; font-size: 12pt;"><img alt="Pakistan And China             " height="63" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/SAJIDA~1/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image007.gif" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_116" width="379"></span></b><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><b><u><span style="color: #262626; font-size: 36pt;">History</span></u></b><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="color: #262626; font-size: 10pt;">·</span><span style="color: #262626; font-size: 7pt;">        </span><span style="color: #262626; font-size: 7pt;"> </span><span style="color: #262626; font-size: 12pt;">       Since establishing diplomatic ties in 1951, China and Pakistan have enjoyed a close and mutually beneficial relationship. Pakistan was one of the first countries to recognize the People's Republic of China in 1950 and remained a steadfast ally during Beijing's period of international isolation in the 1960s and early 1970s.</span><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="color: #262626; font-size: 10pt;">·</span><span style="color: #262626; font-size: 7pt;">        </span><span style="color: #262626; font-size: 7pt;"> </span><span style="color: #262626; font-size: 12pt;">       China has long provided Pakistan with major military, technical, and economic assistance, including the transfer of sensitive nuclear technology and equipment. Some experts predict growing relations between the United States and rival India will ultimately prompt Pakistan to push for even closer ties with its longtime strategic security partner, China. Others say China's increased concern about Pakistan-based insurgency groups may cause Beijing to proceed with the relationship in a more cautious manner.</span></span></div>
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History · Since establishing diplomatic ties in 1951, China and Pakistan have enjoyed a close and mutually ben...

History · Since establishing diplomatic ties in 1951, China and Pakistan have enjoyed a close and mutually ben...